Research Forum
Poison/"Vitamin A" depletes Vitamin K
Quote from Dr. Garrett Smith on November 6, 2018, 11:18 pmPoison/"Vitamin A" inhibits the absorption of Vitamin K in the gut, which then leads to Vitamin K deficiency. See below.
Mechanism of the Effect of Retinoic Acid and Squalene on Vitamin K Deficiency in the Rat
The anticoagulant effect of squalene and retinoic acid was studied in adult male rats fed purified diets deficient in vitamin K. Both appear to inhibit absorption of vitamin K although possibly by different mechanisms. The requirement for vitamin K increased with a dietary increase of squalene but maximal action of retinoic acid was easily obtained and further ingestion of vitamin A did not affect prothrombin levels. The requirement for vitamin K in rats fed 0.5% squalene or 50 IU of retinoic acid/g of diet was about 9 µg/day which resembles the requirement in germfree rats. On this basis indigestible oils and retinoic acid may be useful agents for the production of “simple” vitamin K-deficiency in mammalian species.
Effect of Indigestible Oils on Vitamin K Deficiency in the Rat
Studies of indigestible oils such as mineral oil and squalene were undertaken to determine their effect on vitamin K deficiency in the rat. Severe hypoprothrombinemia occurred in male rats fed a vitamin K-deficient diet containing as little as 0.5% of the oil and the effect was reversed by feeding vitamin K. Female rats were partially resistant to the treatment. Dietary squalene also interrupted the assimilation of vitamin K in chicks where 0.5% of dietary oil inhibited the utilization of 0.1 µg of phylloquinone/g of diet [phylloquinone is a form of Vitamin K]. Similar results were obtained in chicks fed retinyl acetate and retinoic acid.
Mechanism of the Effect of Retinoic Acid and Squalene on Vitamin K Deficiency in the Rat
The recent increase in the clinical use of synthetic vitamin A compounds has led to concern of possible side effects. Some of these effects are known to be influenced by dietary levels of vitamin K. We therefore compared the toxic effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid (13cisRA), retinyl acetate (ROAc), and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4HPR) in male Sprague-Dawley rats maintained on diets containing different levels of vitamin K. Animals were fed either an NIH-07 diet supplemented with menadione (3.1 ppm vitamin K3), an NIH-07 diet not supplemented with menadione, or an AIN-076 purified diet devoid of vitamin K. The retinoids had no effect on prothrombin times of animals fed the supplemented diet. When menadione was omitted from the diet, however, 4HPR-dosed animals had elevated prothrombin times. This effect was observed as early as Day 7 and was accompanied by one confirmed hemorrhagic death. 13cisRA-dosed animals showed no change in prothrombin times. In the high-dose ROAc group, there was a twofold increase in prothrombin times but only after prolonged dosing. In animals fed the NIH-07 diets, 13cisRA and ROAc induced multiple bone fractures at all dose levels. In contrast, 4HPR administered at the highest dose induced only one fracture in one animal. Animals fed the purified diet lost weight faster and diet sooner than those maintained on the other diets. Bone fractures were not observed in these animals because of early deaths resulting from hemorrhaging. For all retinoid-dosed groups maintained on the purified diet, changes in prothrombin times occured as early as 1 week. The order of effect was 4HPR greater than ROAc greater than 13cisRA, with increases in prothrombin times correlating with increases in hemorrhagic deaths. Hence, the degree of retinoid-induced hemorrhage, but not the incidence of bone fractures, was inversely related to vitamin K levels in the diet. 13cisRA and ROAc, but not 4HPR, caused a dose-dependent reduction in plasma osteocalcin, an effect that correlated with retinoid-induced bone effects. In contrast, serum alkaline phosphatase was elevated in animals dosed with 13cisRA or 4HPR but not in those dose with ROAc. For this enzyme, the electrophoretic pattern on agarose gel showed a decrease, compared to controls, in the major isozyme in serum of ROAc-dosed animals. Hence, plasma osteocalcin is a better predictor of retinoid-induced bone effects than serum alkaline phosphatase.
My interpretation: Poison/"Vitamin A" depletes Vitamin K. A lack of Vitamin K allows Poison/"Vitamin A" to do even more damage.
Poison/"Vitamin A" inhibits the absorption of Vitamin K in the gut, which then leads to Vitamin K deficiency. See below.
Mechanism of the Effect of Retinoic Acid and Squalene on Vitamin K Deficiency in the Rat
The anticoagulant effect of squalene and retinoic acid was studied in adult male rats fed purified diets deficient in vitamin K. Both appear to inhibit absorption of vitamin K although possibly by different mechanisms. The requirement for vitamin K increased with a dietary increase of squalene but maximal action of retinoic acid was easily obtained and further ingestion of vitamin A did not affect prothrombin levels. The requirement for vitamin K in rats fed 0.5% squalene or 50 IU of retinoic acid/g of diet was about 9 µg/day which resembles the requirement in germfree rats. On this basis indigestible oils and retinoic acid may be useful agents for the production of “simple” vitamin K-deficiency in mammalian species.
Effect of Indigestible Oils on Vitamin K Deficiency in the Rat
Studies of indigestible oils such as mineral oil and squalene were undertaken to determine their effect on vitamin K deficiency in the rat. Severe hypoprothrombinemia occurred in male rats fed a vitamin K-deficient diet containing as little as 0.5% of the oil and the effect was reversed by feeding vitamin K. Female rats were partially resistant to the treatment. Dietary squalene also interrupted the assimilation of vitamin K in chicks where 0.5% of dietary oil inhibited the utilization of 0.1 µg of phylloquinone/g of diet [phylloquinone is a form of Vitamin K]. Similar results were obtained in chicks fed retinyl acetate and retinoic acid.
Mechanism of the Effect of Retinoic Acid and Squalene on Vitamin K Deficiency in the Rat
The recent increase in the clinical use of synthetic vitamin A compounds has led to concern of possible side effects. Some of these effects are known to be influenced by dietary levels of vitamin K. We therefore compared the toxic effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid (13cisRA), retinyl acetate (ROAc), and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4HPR) in male Sprague-Dawley rats maintained on diets containing different levels of vitamin K. Animals were fed either an NIH-07 diet supplemented with menadione (3.1 ppm vitamin K3), an NIH-07 diet not supplemented with menadione, or an AIN-076 purified diet devoid of vitamin K. The retinoids had no effect on prothrombin times of animals fed the supplemented diet. When menadione was omitted from the diet, however, 4HPR-dosed animals had elevated prothrombin times. This effect was observed as early as Day 7 and was accompanied by one confirmed hemorrhagic death. 13cisRA-dosed animals showed no change in prothrombin times. In the high-dose ROAc group, there was a twofold increase in prothrombin times but only after prolonged dosing. In animals fed the NIH-07 diets, 13cisRA and ROAc induced multiple bone fractures at all dose levels. In contrast, 4HPR administered at the highest dose induced only one fracture in one animal. Animals fed the purified diet lost weight faster and diet sooner than those maintained on the other diets. Bone fractures were not observed in these animals because of early deaths resulting from hemorrhaging. For all retinoid-dosed groups maintained on the purified diet, changes in prothrombin times occured as early as 1 week. The order of effect was 4HPR greater than ROAc greater than 13cisRA, with increases in prothrombin times correlating with increases in hemorrhagic deaths. Hence, the degree of retinoid-induced hemorrhage, but not the incidence of bone fractures, was inversely related to vitamin K levels in the diet. 13cisRA and ROAc, but not 4HPR, caused a dose-dependent reduction in plasma osteocalcin, an effect that correlated with retinoid-induced bone effects. In contrast, serum alkaline phosphatase was elevated in animals dosed with 13cisRA or 4HPR but not in those dose with ROAc. For this enzyme, the electrophoretic pattern on agarose gel showed a decrease, compared to controls, in the major isozyme in serum of ROAc-dosed animals. Hence, plasma osteocalcin is a better predictor of retinoid-induced bone effects than serum alkaline phosphatase.
My interpretation: Poison/"Vitamin A" depletes Vitamin K. A lack of Vitamin K allows Poison/"Vitamin A" to do even more damage.
Licensed Naturopathic Physician (NMD) in Arizona
NutritionDetective.com, home of the Love Your Liver program
YouTube - FaceBook - Instagram - Twitter